Digital Twins in Heritage Conservation and Visitor Engagement: Comparative Case Studies from Four Historic Sites

Abstract

This study explores the application of digital twin technologies in heritage conservation and visitor engagement, focusing on their practical use in preserving and enhancing access to culturally significant sites. Digital twins, which are virtual replicas of physical environments, enable real-time monitoring and simulation, offering innovative tools for conservation management and experiential interpretation. Through a systematic literature review and comparative analysis of four case studies, Pompeii, Notre-Dame, the Colosseum, and Hagia Sophia, this research examines how digital twins are implemented across varying contexts. The findings reveal that digital twins support predictive maintenance, structural monitoring, and restoration planning while also enabling immersive experiences through virtual and augmented reality. These technologies provide remote access, interactive storytelling, and tailored tours, fostering a deeper connection with heritage. In terms of conservation, digital twins support predictive maintenance, structural monitoring, and evidence-based decision-making. The structured comparison highlights how digital twin systems balance preservation needs with modern engagement demands. While challenges such as data accuracy, cultural sensitivity, and technological infrastructure remain, the study concludes that digital twins represent a valuable model for integrating conservation and visitor experience in heritage site management. Future developments in immersive technologies and broader adoption of digital twins could further enhance the management and appreciation of cultural heritage worldwide.