Sustainable Valorization of Catla Catla Fish Scales for the Development of Degradable Bioplastics

Abstract

Plastic pollution from petroleum-based materials poses severe environmental risks. This study develops a biodegradable bioplastic synthesized from fish scales, a rich source of collagen and hydroxyapatite and an abundant seafood industry by-product. Fish scales were processed and combined with a red algae–derived binder and glycerine plasticizer, then molded into sheets. Characterization (FTIR, TGA, XRD, EDS) confirmed key biopolymer structures, thermal stability up to 220 °C, and partial crystallinity. The bioplastic exhibited 85% mechanical strength retention, fully biodegraded within 60 days under composting, and demonstrated suitability for low-heat packaging applications. This approach valorizes marine waste, reduces reliance on fossil-fuel plastics, and aligns with circular economy principles. The findings introduce a scalable, eco-friendly alternative that simultaneously addresses plastic pollution and seafood waste, presenting significant potential for sustainable materials science and industry adoption.