Multi-objective Site Selection and Capacity Optimization of Distributed PV Energy Storage in Smart Distribution Network Based on Non-cooperative Game

Abstract

The disordered integration of high-penetration distributed photovoltaics (DPVs) into smart distribution networks has caused critical challenges including transformer reverse overloading and degraded power quality. Strategically deploying grid-level energy storage systems (ESSs) presents an effective solution to address these issues while enhancing operational efficiency and power quality. This paper proposes a non-cooperative game theory-driven optimal siting and sizing method for DPVs and ESSs in smart distribution networks. A tri-objective optimization model is formulated to mitigate grid vulnerability, reduce power losses, and minimize life-cycle carbon emissions of PV generation. To resolve conflicting interests among multiple stakeholders (DPV owners, ESS operators, and grid companies), a non-cooperative game framework with equilibrium strategies is established. An improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (IMOPSO) algorithm is developed to solve the Nash equilibrium point that maximizes benefits for all participants. Case studies on IEEE 33 bus and IEEE-69 bus distribution systems demonstrate that the proposed method achieves: 2.43% reduction in grid vulnerability index, 4.29% decrease in network losses, and 44.44% reduction in PV life-cycle carbon emissions – all while maintaining voltage quality requirements and realizing Pareto-optimal allocation solutions for multi-stakeholder interests.